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T. Imam*, M. Wali, P.K. Jain, Nakul Gupta
IIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P.
*Address for Corresponding author:
Tauhid Imam
IIMT College of Pharmacy, Greater Noida, U.P.
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, venous thrombo-embolism, and peripheral vascular disease, are the leading cause of premature death and disability. Atherosclerosis is primarily responsible for these conditions. There is a rising incidence globally, which imposes a significant socio-economic burden. Recognized risk factors include hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity and explain more than 90% of cases. Such lifestyle changes with lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensives, antiplatelet agents, and anticoagulants have indicated promise, yet the gaps in the treatment continue to persist. Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with a long half-life, making it suitable for once-daily dosing. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels and is integral in the management of hypertension and other CVDs. However, the clinical benefits must be weighed against the potential adverse effects of therapy. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used in heart failure and atrial fibrillation, but has a narrow therapeutic window and therefore requires careful administration to avoid toxicity. This review discusses the epidemiology and pathology of CVDs, the pharmacological actions, indications, and side effects of amlodipine and digoxin, and explores their contributions to mitigating CVD burden. It emphasizes the importance of personalized strategies to improve prevention and treatment outcomes in cardiovascular care.
Keywords: CVD; amlodipine, digoxin, hypertension, arrhythmia, artial fibrillation
