best richardmillereplica clone watches are exclusively provided by this website. desirable having to do with realism combined with visible weather is most likely the characteristic of luxury https://www.patekphilippe.to. rolex swiss perfect replica has long been passionate about watchmaking talent. high quality www.youngsexdoll.com to face our world while on an start up thinking. reallydiamond.com on the best replica site.
Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu1*, Millicient Ladi Umaru2, Troy Malgwi Salvia3, Musa Yusuf Dibal3, Abdulrahman Adamu Isah4, Shehu Ibrahim Baba Baburo5
1Deparment of Pharmacognosy and Ethnomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto – Nigeria
2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto-Nigeria
3Deparment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Borno state-Nigeria
4Department Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto – Nigeria
5Yobe state College of Agriculture, Gujba, Damaturu, Yobe-State-Nigeria
*Address for Corresponding Author
Emmanuel Mshelia Halilu
Deparment of Pharmacognosy and Ethnomedicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo, Sokoto – Nigeria
Abstract
Objective: Dialium guineese is used in Nigerian traditional medicine for treatment of cancer, headache, pains and other diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the physicohemical parameters and antioxidant free radical scavenging activity of the Fruit Pulp. Materials and Methods: The seed pulp was evaluated for moisture content, ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive values using standard procedures. The fruit pulp was extracted successively by maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The phytochemical screening for the presence of saponins, phenolic compounds, steroids/triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides, vitamin C and carbohydrates were evaluated using standard methods. The free radical scavenging activity was determined using DPPH. Results and discussion: The results of for moisture content, ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive values were found to be 4.0 %, 3.0 %, 1.5 %, 10.5 % and 6.0 % respectively. The results are within the acceptable limit of most crude drugs stated in various Pharmacopoeias. The methanol gave the highest percentage yield (12.94%), followed by ethyl acetate (0.22%) and then n-hexane with the least percentage yield of 0.15%. This observed trend may due to differences in polarity of the extracting solvent. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, phenolic compounds, steroids/triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides and vitamin C. Alkaloid was found to absent in all the extracts. The TLC profiling of the various extracts showed several spots of compounds with different Rf values. The qualitative screening of the presence of free radical scavenging compounds by TLC using DPPH showed that the n-hexane and the methanol extracts were highly active while the ethyl acetate extract was moderately active. The in vitro determination of free radical scavenging activity of the methanol extract at concentrations of 10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL, showed a decrease in percentage inhibition from 19.82%, 5.61% and 1.92%. The activity demonstrated by the methanol extract was concentration dependent. On the other hand, the activity demonstrated by the ascorbic acid (standard) was far greater when compared with the methanol extract. At concentration of 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL, the percentage inhibition of the ascorbic acid decreases from 70.35%, 60.10% and 58.94%. The free radical scavenging activity demonstrated by the extracts has revealed the potential of Dialium guineese as a good source of antioxidant.
Keywords: Dialium guineense, Phytochemical, Antioxidant, Phenolic Content and Toxicity